AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |
Back to Blog
Esse cigarettes3/25/2023 ![]() ![]() Within the cohort studied by Chia et al, the lower sperm concentrations and higher rates of abnormal sperm morphology identified in smokers were also found to be dose dependent. 12 Chia et al 13 reported similar results in 618 Chinese men. ![]() Another study of 200 infertile men found higher rates of reduced sperm motility and abnormal sperm morphology among smokers. 10, 11 Zhang et al found that superoxide dismutase levels were inversely correlated with the amount and duration of cigarette smoking, suggesting a relationship among smoking, oxidative stress, and infertility. The authors also examined the physiological basis for these changes by testing seminal plasma levels of superoxide dismutase, which is an enzyme that participates in the oxidative stress pathway and has been previously shown to be lower in the seminal plasma of infertile men. Zhang et al 9 studied 362 Chinese men attending an infertility clinic and found that smokers demonstrated decreased semen volumes, sperm concentrations, and rates of forward progression compared with nonsmokers. Several smaller studies have corroborated the aforementioned findings. Effects on ejaculate volume were found in a study by Saaranen et al, 8 who noted smokers had lower semen volumes per ejaculate than nonsmokers with a more specific inhibition occurring in men who smoked > 16 cigarettes per day. Furthermore, morphology (percent of normal forms) as well as ejaculate volume was slightly affected by smoking but not to any significant degree. In another large cohort of 1786 men undergoing infertility workup (655 smokers and 1131 nonsmokers), Kunzle et al 7 demonstrated that smoking was associated with decreases in sperm density (15.3%), total sperm counts (17.5%), and total motile sperm (16.6%) compared with nonsmokers. It was concluded that adult smoking resulted in moderate impairment of semen quality. Indeed, men who smoked > 20 cigarettes per day experienced a 19% reduction in sperm concentration compared with nonsmokers, even after controlling for age, recent fevers, and duration of abstinence as well as diseases in reproductive organs. Further, it was suggested that the relationship between smoking and sperm concentration was dose-dependent. A cross-sectional analysis of 2542 healthy men from 1987 to 2004 by Ramlau-Hansen et al 6 found that on semen analysis, cigarette smokers had lower semen volumes, sperm counts, and percentage of motile sperm compared to men who did not smoke. Smoking has been shown to have a detrimental effect on various parameters of semen analysis. 5 This review examines the literature to elucidate the potential effects of cigarette smoking on male infertility.Įffects of Smoking on Semen Analysis Parameters Thus, male factor infertility plays a significant role in 50% of all couples with infertility. An additional 20% of infertile couples have a combination of male and female factors. 4 Although almost half of all cases of infertility are due exclusively to female factors, the male factor is the sole etiology in approximately 30% of couples. 3 It has been estimated that up to 15% of all couples attempting to have children face some form of infertility. The American Society for Reproductive Medicine defines infertility as the inability to achieve pregnancy following 12 months of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse. 2 More recently, researchers have begun to explore the relationship between cigarette smoking and reproductive health. 1 Smoking has been linked to a myriad of adverse health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and cancer of the lungs, bladder, cervix, esophagus, kidney, pancreas, and stomach. It has been estimated that over one third of all men globally smoke some form of tobacco and that 21.6% of American men smoke cigarettes. ![]()
0 Comments
Read More
Leave a Reply. |